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Skip to content Una valanga sottomarina ha portato con sé sedimenti oceanici per oltre 1.000 km raggiungendo 4.500 km di profondità . Grazie all’azione degli scienziati, i quali hanno celermente recuperato i sensori alla deriva nell’Atlantico, è stato possibile pubblicare poi uno studio a riguardo.
La valanga sottomarina più lunga al mondo si trova in Congo Le valanghe sottomarine (o correnti torbidiche) si presentano come lo scorrimento di materiale lungo un piano inclinato. Generalmente avvengono nei pressi di scarpate continentali meno frequentemente lungo coste o all’interno di laghi. Una valanga sottomarina può trasportare un’enorme quantità di sedimenti (in alcuni casi nell’ordine dei milioni di metri cubi) anche per centinaia di km . La valanga sottomarina in questione ha avuto origine nel gennaio del 2020 distribuendo sedimenti a partire dalla foce del fiume Congo.
Verso la fine di luglio 2022 giunge la pubblicazione riguardo la valanga sottomarina più lunga finora registrata. Gli scienziati hanno lavorato con il Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) e il National Oceanography Centre (NOC) per recuperare i dati dai sensori. NERC ha inoltre finanziato una ricerca per valutare quali conseguenze avranno i cambiamenti climatici e lo sfruttamento dei fondali sulle profondità oceaniche , in particolare sui cavi di telecomunicazione sottomarini.
Immagini satellitari del Congo Canyon in Africa (Fonte: ECO) Una corsa contro il tempo per recuperare i sensori alla deriva Prevedendo l’evento, qualche mese prima i ricercatori hanno posizionato più sensori col fine di raccogliere dati sulla valanga sottomarina. La corrente di detriti ha trascinato via ben undici sensori facendoli viaggiare ad una velocità massima di 8 m/s . I rilevatori sono contenuti all’interno di galleggianti dalla dimensione di un pallone da calcio; andando alla deriva nell’Oceano Atlantico diventava col passare dei giorni più difficile recuperarli. Perdere i sensori voleva dire perdere informazioni accurate sulla valanga sottomarina. I ricercatori hanno iniziato una corsa contro il tempo per trovarli nonostante le bassissime probabilità di successo. I sensori possiedono segnalatori di posizione ma la batteria dura a malapena tre mesi ; a complicare le cose furono le restrizioni ai viaggi dovute alla pandemia da COVID-19.
Il principale ricercatore di tale studio è Peter Talling, professore in Submarine Geohazards presso la Durham University; egli ha dichiarato che al recupero hanno partecipato anche i francesi dell’istituto IFREMER , le università di Hull e Durham e navi di passaggio. Fu proprio una nave privata a recuperare il primo sensore a largo dell’Africa occidentale. I naviganti hanno poi offerto il loro prezioso aiuto per individuarne altri. Dopo aver accertato che la nave fosse idonea alla missione, in meno di due giorni l’appena reclutato equipaggio iniziò ad operare in favore della scienza. Nelle successive settimane si unirono alla ricerca varie barche, una posacavi, una nave da carico ed una supply vessel : degli 11 sensori, 9 furono portati a terra.
Le conclusioni ottenute dai dati sulla valanga sottomarina Lo studio delle correnti torbidiche è sempre stato poco pratico. In seguito al recupero dei sensori è stato possibile valutare il legame tra le inondazioni fluviali e ciò che avviene negli oceani . La ricerca ha portato ai seguenti risultati:
La corrente di torbidità del 14 gennaio 2020 ha percorso più di 1.100 km dall’estuario del fiume Congo alle profondità marine: è la più lunga valanga di sedimenti mai misurata sulla Terra . In due giorni, il flusso ha superato 4.500 m di profondità. Le correnti di torbidità sottomarine sono conseguenza di due fattori, ovvero le gravi inondazioni avvenute lungo il fiume Congo alla fine del 2019 e le seguenti maree primaverili insolitamente grandi . La combinazione di tali fenomeni ha innescato una valanga di sabbia e fango equivalente in volume a un terzo dei sedimenti prodotti annualmente da tutti i fiumi del mondo . La valanga di sedimenti ha subito accelerazione partendo da 5,2 m/s (registrata nella parte superiore del Congo Canyon) fino ad 8 m/s (dopo aver percorso circa 1.100 km dalla costa).Cambiamenti climatici, sfruttamento del suolo e cavi sottomarini: quali sono le conseguenze? Le reti sottomarine di cavi in fibra ottica trasportano circa il 99% del traffico dati globale. Eventuali danni causano enormi interruzioni all’economia globale e alla vita quotidiana.La valanga sottomarina ha rotto gli ormeggi dei sensori ma anche due cavi di telecomunicazione a danno della velocità dati Internet in tutta l’Africa occidentale, centrale e meridionale. Alcuni cavi sono invece illesi, probabilmente per il fatto che la corrente di torbidità del 2020 si manifestò localizzata e irregolare (cosa sorprendente data la grandezza del flusso). Queste informazioni potrebbero aiutare le compagnie in futuro per il posizionamento dei cavi.
La ricerca ha identificato per la prima volta un legame tra grandi inondazioni fluviali, maree primaverili e potenti correnti di torbidità. I cambiamenti climatici e lo sfruttamento del suolo possono aumentare le inondazioni fluviali dunque rendere più probabili valanghe sottomarine . Non è solo una questione di frequenza delle valanghe: in futuro c’è da aspettarsi fenomeni di intensità maggiori, con volumi ancora più importanti di sedimenti e tutto ciò che ne comporta.
Posizionamento dei sensori (Photo: Professor Peter Talling) Continue Reading